Direct and Reported Speech

In the English language, there are two ways of conveying what someone else has said: direct/quoted speech and indirect/reported speech.
Direct/quoted speech, involves quoting the exact words uttered by the person, within inverted commas or quotation marks. For example: She said, “I won’t be coming home tonight” is an example of direct speech. Note that in this type of speech, a comma is most often used before starting the exact quote within the inverter commas.
Indirect/reported speech, on the other hand, does not have to be within quotes or reported word-to-word. In fact, unless one is relaying the exact words spoken, one should never use quotation marks. For example: She told us that she wouldn’t be coming home that night is an example of reported speech. Note that the verb tense necessarily changes in reported speech. This is because when we report speech, we are talking, obviously, about something that was said in the past. Hence, it becomes necessary to use the past tense of the verb.

DIRECT SPEECH	REPORTED SPEECH
He said, “I’m fine.”	He said that he was fine.
He said, “I’ve been married for three years.”	He said that he had been married for three years.
He said, “I went to the theatre yesterday.”	He said that he had gone to the theatre the day before.
He said, “The show was already underway when the chief guest arrived.”	He said that the show was already underway when the chief guest arrived. (no change in tense)

Another thing to note is that modal verbs (will, can, must, shall, may) also change, taking their past tense forms (would, could, had to, should, might). This also means that would, could, should, might and ought to do not change forms when reported.
 
Sumber :
http://www.englishleap.com/grammar/direct-and-reported-speech

Tenses

The concept of time can be split into:

1. The Present - What you are currently doing.   

I eat, I am eating                                  

2. The Past - What you did some time back.  

I ate, I was eating

3. The Future - What you will do later.  

I will eat, I will be eating                                             

In the English language, tenses play an important role in sentence formation. 

The tense of a verb shows the time of an event or action.

 There are four types of tenses. Simple, Perfect, Continuous and Present Perfect Continuous and each of these has a present, past and future form. 


 PRESENT TENSES

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

In Simple Present, the action is simply mentioned and there is nothing being said about its completeness.

I eat.
I sleep.
I play.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

In Present Continuous, the action is on-going/ still going on and hence continuous.

I am eating.
I am sleeping.
I am playing.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

In Present Perfect, the action is complete or has ended and hence termed Perfect.

I have eaten.
I have slept.
I have played.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

In Present Perfect Continuous, the action has been taking place for some time and is still ongoing.

I have been eating.
I have been sleeping.
I have been playing.

PAST TENSES

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

In Simple Past, the action is simply mentioned and understood to have taken place in the past.

I ate.
I slept.
I played.

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

In Past Continuous, the action was ongoing till a certain time in the past.

I was eating.
I was sleeping.
I was playing.

PAST PERFECT TENSE

Past Perfect is used to express something that happened before another action in the past.

I had eaten.
I had slept.
I had played.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Past Perfect Continuous is used to express something that started in the past and continued until another time in the past.

I had been eating.
I had been sleeping.
I had been playing.

FUTURE TENSES

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

Simple Future is used when we plan or make a decision to do something. Nothing is said about the time in the future.

I will eat.
I will sleep.
I will play.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

The future continuous tense is used to express action at a particular moment in the future. However, the action will not have finished at the moment.

I will be eating at 9 a.m.
I will be sleeping when you arrive.
I will be playing at 5 p.m.

 

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Future Perfect expresses action that will occur in the future before another action in the future.

I will have eaten before 10 a.m.
I will have slept before you arrive.
I will have played before 6 p.m.

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Future Perfect Continuous is used to talk about an on-going action before some point in the future.

I will have been sleeping for two hours when you arrive.
I will have been playing for an hour when it is 5 p.m.

Sumber :

http://www.englishleap.com/grammar/tenses

tugas 4

Tenses Chart

1. While she was trying to read , her friend was practising the piano.
2. He has been buying several jerseys in the last two years.
3. She will bone the meat later.
4. By the time you get there they already left.
5. I was drowning. No body saved me.
6. He said she has not returned the book yet
7. What are you darning at the moment?
8. She thinks her husband will buy a new fridge
9. How much have you spent in London so far ?

10. In a month’s time I Learned in London so far
11. After he had seen the giraffe he spoke to the keeper
12.  He was buying weed-killer when they arrested him.
13. The plumbing always gives trouble the summer.
14. The trout had risen when they reached the lake.
15. Do you recognize this statue?
16. They say they will not perform tomorrow.
17. What have you been doing since your last recital?
18. As it rained he put up his umbrella.
19. They heard Beethoven better conducted earlier in the year.
20. What is going on here?
21. I only just realized what she meant.
22. I never plant crocuses again.
23. Were you enjoying yourself when I saw you at the party ?
24. I will be to the zoo and going while they are still talking about visiting it.
25. She docked at Tilbury last week.
26. He always accelerates too quickly.
27. Do you hear that awful noise ?
28. By the time the brigade arrived, the house had collapsed.
29. I saw a new type of windscreen wiper while I was walking round the exhibition yesterday.
30. They have been waiting to take off since ten this morning.
31. She shot at leastthree tigers in India last year.
32. We saw what we see
33. He heard an owl hooting as he walked through the wood.
34. They have been producing a hundred shirts every day for two mounts now.
35. Where were you going when I bumped into you?
36. Who was tolding the grasshopper to dance? The ant in the fable did.
37. They wear high heels every day last term.
38. What will you do with a gun in your car?
39. He still doesn’t find his watch.
40. I have lived there several years before I found the nest.
41. When it stung him?
42. She likes cockles. Naturally she prefers lobster.
43. Dragon-flies have very beautiful wings.
44. Time and tide don’t wait for no man, the saying run.
45. I bought some new pruners the other day.
46. The girl in the pay box seldom smiles now a days.
47. The moment he opened the boot the spare wheel fell out.
48. Too many cooks spoiled broth.
49. He left Italy by plane yesterday.

TUGAS 3 Unreal Conditions : Present And Future - writing Conditional Sentence

Unreal Conditions : Present And Future

1.    If I (have) the time, I will go

          If I had the time, I will go

2.     If I (have )the money, I will give it to you.

           If I had the money, I will give it to you.

3.    People would understand you better if you ( speak ) more carefully.

          People would understand you better if you spoke more carefully.

4.    That student would get much higher marks If he (study) harder.
That student would get much higher mar ks If he studied harder.

5.    If that man (work) harder, he could earn more money.
If that man worked harder, he could earn more money.

6.    If I (be) in your place, I would accept Mr. Michael’s offer.
If I were in your place, I would accept Mr. Michael’s offer

7.    If I (have) time, I will go.

          If I had time, I will go.

 

8.    I would (be) so happy if she became my boyfriend. 

          I would be were happy if she became my boyfriend.

   

9.    If I (be) a president, I would go around the world.

 If I were a president, I would go around the world.

10. If Mr. marcho ( call ) me, I would explain evertyhing to him.

If Mr. marcho called me, I would explain evertyhing to him.

11. I would gladly tell you answer if I only ( know ) it myselft

          I would gladly tell you answer if I only knew it myselft

12. If it (be) a holiday, we could go

 If it were a holiday, we could go

Writing Conditional Sentences 

1.    If the weather were better today,we can get to the beach this afternoon

2.    I would be a millionaire If would be a millionaire If I were the owner of big company.

3.    If we had a different english teacher, we will study hard

4.    We could play a game of cards, if we have free time

5.    If everybody dressed the same way, they will go to school

6.    I wouldn’t do that if it's not good to do

7.    If I had more free time, I would listen to music and singing

8.    No one would be happy if it gets poor grades

9.    If I spoke Japanese fluently, I will be a Japanese language teacher

10. Your suit would look better, If you add a tie.

11.  If I knew all for details, I wouldn’t make a mistake.

12.  Almost anyone would be frightened If they saw a disaster.

13.  If I had the day off tomorrow, I would go recreation

14.  The world would be a better place if there are no more people who throw litter

15.  If Alice were a little more careful, she wouldn’t be injured.